Nomogram for predicting post-traumatic hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a practical nomogram to predict the occurrence of post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients who have undergone decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury. METHODS: A total of 516 cases were enrolled and divided into the training (n=364) and validation (n=152) cohorts. Optimal predictors were selected through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis of the training cohort then used to develop a nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis, respectively, were used to evaluate the discrimination, fitting performance, and clinical utility of the resulting nomogram in the validation cohort. RESULTS: Preoperative subarachnoid hemorrhage Fisher grade, type of decompressive craniectomy, transcalvarial herniation volume, subdural hygroma, and functional outcome were all identified as predictors and included in the predicting model. The nomogram exhibited good discrimination in the validation cohort and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (95%CI 0.72-0.88). The calibration plot demonstrated goodness-of-fit between the nomogram's prediction and actual observation in the validation cohort. Finally, decision curve analysis indicated significant clinical adaptability. CONCLUSION: The present study developed and validated a model to predict post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The nomogram that had good discrimination, calibration, and clinical practicality can be useful for screening patients at a high risk of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The nomogram can also be used in clinical practice to develop better therapeutic strategies.

Multiple Brain Abscesses by an Air Gun Shot: A Case Report

Introduction Low-velocity penetrating brain injury is not prevalent. In some conditions such as childhood, and with the penetration of a pellet in weak spots of skull, low-velocity penetrating brain injury is expected; however, high-velocity projectiles have also been reported as the cause of severe brain injuries. One of the complications of penetrating brain injury is infection, in which different types ofmicroorganisms play a role. The Streptococcus genus is the leading cause of abscess formation in nontraumatic patients. Multiple brain abscesses are not common. Case Presentation A 10-year-old boy with penetrating brain injury caused by an air gun pellet, who developed signs and symptoms of high intracranial pressure 18 days after the trauma. After the imaging scans and the detection of multiple brain abscesses and severe brain edema, prompt surgical intervention was performed for all three lesions in a single operation. The culture of a pus specimen was positive for Streptococcus species, and, with adequate antibiotic therapy, the patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition. Conclusion Brain injurywith air gun shot is not prevalent. The penetration of a low-velocity air gun pellet in weak points of the skull (such as the orbit, the squamous portion of the temporal bone, and the cranial suture), specially in children, can cause significant brain injuries.

Non-fatal Bihemispheric Penetrating Brain Injury from a Crossbow Arrow with Good Clinical Outcome: Case Report

Crossbow injuries to the head have seldom been reported in the literature, and they represent a unique type of penetrating brain injury (PBI) in which a low-velocity arrow results in an intracranial fragment larger than most high-velocity projectiles, usually with a lethal outcome.We present the case of a 34-year-oldman who attempted suicide with a self-inflicted cranial injury from a crossbow arrow, with a right parietal point of entry and a palpable subcutaneous tip in the left parietal region. The emergency team reported a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 15, and the patient was brought sedated and intubated. Computed tomography (CT) imaging scans showed that the arrow crossed both parietal lobes, with mild subarachnoid hemorrhage and small cerebral contusions adjacent to its intracranial path. Careful retrograde removal of the penetrating arrow was performed in the CT suite, followed by an immediate CT scan, which excluded procedure-related complications. The patient woke up easily and was discharged 3 days later withmild left hand apraxia and no other neurologic deficits. To the best of our knowledge, there are no similar case reports describing both good clinical outcome and rapid discharge after a bihemispheric PBI. Individualizing the management of each patient is therefore crucial to achieve the best possible outcome as PBI cases still represent a major challenge to practicing neurosurgeons worldwide.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico agudo / Risk factors associated with mortality in patients with acute craniocerebral trauma

Introducción: El traumatismo craneoencefálico corresponde a cambios y alteraciones que sufre el encéfalo, sus envolturas meníngeas, la bóveda craneal o los tejidos blandos epicraneales por la acción de agentes físicos vulnerantes. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables determinantes de la mortalidad en el posoperatorio inmediato en pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico agudo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal prospectivo en una muestra de 38 pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma craneoencefálico, tratados en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech, en los años 2016 al 2019. Se trabajó con las variables: edad, sexo, estado físico, clasificación del traumatismo craneoencefálico, complicaciones inmediatas y mortalidad en el posoperatorio inmediato. Resultados: El trauma craneoencefálico quirúrgico resultó frecuente en pacientes jóvenes del sexo masculino que estuvieron evaluados de ASA-III. Predominaron los pacientes con trauma moderado según la escala de Glasgow. A pesar de no guardar asociación significativa con la mortalidad, el edema cerebral, la hiperglucemia y la hipotermia fueron las complicaciones encontradas con mayor frecuencia. Conclusiones: El trauma craneoencefálico quirúrgico resultó más frecuente en pacientes jóvenes. A pesar de las complicaciones presentadas, la mayoría de ellos egresaron del servicio de urgencia vivos(AU)

Introduction: Cranioencephalic trauma corresponds to changes and alterations suffered by the brain, its meningeal envelopes, the cranial vault, or the epicranial soft tissues due to the action of damaging physical agents. Objective: To identify modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors that determine mortality in the immediate postoperative period among patients with acute head trauma. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal descriptive study was carried out with a sample of 38 patients who received surgery for head trauma, treated at Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital, from 2016 to 2019. We worked with the following variables: age, sex, physical state, classification of cranioencephalic trauma, immediate complications, and mortality in the immediate postoperative period. Results: Surgical head trauma was frequent among young male patients who were evaluated as ASA-III. Patients with mild trauma, according to the Glasgow scale, predominated. Despite not having a significant association with mortality, cerebral edema, hyperglycemia and hypothermia were the most frequently found complications. Conclusions: Surgical head trauma was more frequent among young patients. Despite the complications presented, most of them left the emergency service alive(AU)

Microsurgical Cisternostomy for Treating Critical Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury - An alternative Therapeutic Approach

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality around the world. Few advances regarding surgical approaches have been made in the past few years to improve its outcomes. Microsurgical cisternostomy is a well-established technique used in vascular and skull base surgery and recently emerges as a suitable procedure with lesser costs and morbidity when compared with decompressive craniectomy in patients with diffuse TBI. This study aims to describe the technique, indications, and limitations of cisternostomy and to compare it with decompressive craniectomy (DC). Methods A prospective study is being conducted after obtaining approval of the local human ethics research committee. Once the inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied, the patients are submitted to microsurgical cisternostomy, pre and postoperative neurological status and brain computed tomography (CT) evaluation. A detailed review was also performed, which discusses diffuse TBI, DC, and cisternostomy for the treatment of TBI. Results Two patients were submitted to cisternostomy after TBI and the presence of acute subdural hematoma and hugemidline shift at admission computed tomography. The surgery was authorized by the family (the informed consent form was signed). Both patients evolved with a good recovery after the procedure, and had a satisfactory control brain CT. No further surgeries were required after the initial cisternostomy. Conclusions Cisternostomy is an adequate technique for the treatment of selected patients affected by diffuse TBI, and it is a proper alternative to DC with lesser costs and morbidity, since a single neurosurgical procedure is performed. A prospective study is being conducted for a better evaluation and these were the initial cases of this new protocol.

The effect of rosmarinic acid on deformities occurring in brain tissue by craniectomy method. Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions

Abstract Purpose To investigate the role of Rosmarinic acid (RA) in the prevention of traumatic brain injury and the immunohistochemical analysis of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions. Methods Healthy male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats. Groups were as follows; control group, traumatic brain injury (TBI) group, and TBI+RA group. After traumatic brain injury, blood samples were taken from the animals and analyzed with various biochemical markers. And then IBA-1 and GFAP expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results Significant results were obtained in all biochemical parameters between groups. Immunohistochemical sections showed IBA-1 not only in microglia and macrophage activity but also in degenerative neurons in blood vessel endothelial cells. However, GFAP reaction and post-traumatic rosmarinic acid administration showed positive expression in astrocytes with regular structure around the blood vessel. Conclusion Rosmarinic acid in blood vessel endothelial cells showed that preserving the integrity of astrocytic structure in the blood brain barrier may be an important antioxidant.

Controversias de la craniectomía descompresiva en el tratamiento de la hipertensión endocraneana / Controversies of decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of intracranial hypertension

RESUMEN La hipertensión intracraneal influye negativamente en el pronóstico del traumatismo craneoencefálico grave y del infarto maligno de la arteria cerebral media. La craniectomía descompresiva constituye una opción de tratamiento. Con esta revisión se persigue valorar las controversias de la craniectomía descompresiva en el tratamiento de la hipertensión endocraneana. Para lo cual se realizó una exhaustiva revisión de la literatura donde se tuvieron en cuenta diversos estudios multicéntricos y multinacionales que plasmaron aspectos polémicos acerca de la utilización de este proceder neuroquirúrgico como terapia en el manejo de la hipertensión endocraneana refractaria a tratamiento conservador. Se concluye que la craniectomía descompresiva se considera beneficiosa en el infarto maligno de la arteria cerebral media, mientras que en el trauma craneoencefálico grave su utilidad es controvertida (AU).

SUMMARY Intracranial hypertension negatively influences the prognosis of severe craniaencephalic trauma and malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Decompressive craniotomy is a treatment option. The aim of this review is to assess the controversies of decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of intracranial hypertension. For this purpose, an exhaustive review of the literature was carried out, taking into account several multicentric and multinational studies revealing controversial aspects on the use of this neurosurgical procedure as therapy in the management of intracranial hypertension refractory to conservative treatment. It is concluded that decompressive craniotomy is considered beneficial in the malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery, while in the case of severe craniaencephalic trauma its utility is controversial (AU).

Analysis of direct costs of decompressive craniectomy in victims of traumatic brain injury / Análise dos custos diretos da craniectomia descompressiva em vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico

ABSTRACT Background: Decompressive craniectomy is a procedure required in some cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript evaluates the direct costs and outcomes of decompressive craniectomy for TBI in a developing country and describes the epidemiological profile. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using a five-year neurosurgical database, taking a sample of patients with TBI who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Several variables were considered and a formula was developed for calculating the total cost. Results: Most patients had multiple brain lesions and the majority (69.0%) developed an infectious complication. The general mortality index was 68.8%. The total cost was R$ 2,116,960.22 (US$ 661,550.06) and the mean patient cost was R$ 66,155.00 (US$ 20,673.44). Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy for TBI is an expensive procedure that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. This was the first study performed in a developing country that aimed to evaluate the direct costs. Prevention measures should be a priority.

RESUMO Introdução: A craniectomia descompressiva (CD) é procedimento necessário em alguns casos de trauma cranioencefálico (TCE). Este manuscrito objetiva avaliar os custos diretos e desfechos da CD no TCE em um país em desenvolvimento e descrever o perfil epidemiológico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo foi realizado usando banco de dados neurocirúrgico de cinco anos, considerando amostra de pacientes com TCE que realizaram CD. Algumas variáveis foram analisadas e foi desenvolvida uma fórmula para cálculo do custo total. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes teve múltiplas lesões intracranianas, sendo que 69.0% evoluíram com algum tipo de complicação infecciosa. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 68,8%. O custo total foi R$ 2.116.960,22 (US$ 653,216.00) e o custo médio por paciente foi R$ 66.155,00 (US$ 20,415.00). Conclusões: CD no TCE é um procedimento caro e associado á alta morbidade e mortalidade. Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado em um país em desenvolvimento com o objetivo de avaliar os custos diretos. Medidas de prevenção devem ser priorizadas.

Tooth in Intracranial Compartment after Traumatic Brain Injury

A 25-year-old patient was admitted to the emergency room presenting headaches after a traumatic brain injury (TBI) 30 days before, when he collided frontally with another driver. After a skull radiography, the presence of a foreign body was observed in the frontal sinus. A cranial computed tomography (CT) scan found that it was a tooth. The patient underwent surgical treatment for the removal of the tooth. Traumatic brain injury caused by non-missile penetrating objects is unusual, and has been described in case reports in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, no similar reports can be found in the literature.

Paciente com 25 anos de idade trazido à sala de emergência com quadro de cefaleia frontal , que não melhorava com uso de analgésicos. Apresentava história prévia de trauma de crânio (TCE) 30 dias antes, quando ele colidiu frontalmente com outro motorista. Após radiografia crânio, a presença de um corpo estranho foi observada no seio frontal. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio evidenciou a presença de um dente. O paciente foi submetido a tratamento cirúrgico para a remoção do dente. A evolução foi satisfatória, o paciente apresentava-se assintomática na alta hospitalar. TCE penetrantes são incomuns e são descritos na literatura na maioria das vezes como relatos de casos. Para o nosso conhecimento, não há relatos semelhantes em outras séries sobre o assunto.

Resultados de la craneoplastia con el uso de cemento Genta 1 en los defectos óseos postraumáticos / Cranioplasty Results Using Genta 1 Cement in Posttraumatic Bone Defects

Introducción: la reconstrucción de defectos de la bóveda craneana constituye un reto para el cirujano. Durante las últimas décadas, muchas han sido las variantes quirúrgicas para su aplicación, así como los materiales utilizados para ello. Objetivo: mostrar los resultados en la realización de craneoplastias con el uso de cemento Genta 1 en pacientes con defecto óseo del cráneo, secundario a traumatismo craneoencefálico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de serie de casos que abarca desde el año 2009 hasta septiembre de 2014 a 20 pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico que les dejó como secuela un defecto óseo del cráneo, requiriendo posteriormente de craneoplastia. Resultados: predominó en el adulto joven y el sexo masculino. En cuanto al diámetro del defecto, predominó el pequeño, seguido de los medianos. En relación con la topografía, prevalecieron los frontales derechos. Predominó la modalidad de abordaje tardío de la craneoplastia luego de la aparición del defecto. Las principales complicaciones fueron el hematoma subgaleal y la deformidad cosmética residual. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los defectos tratados fueron pequeños y medianos, localizados en la región frontal derecha, la modalidad de abordaje más empleada fue la tardía y existió un mínimo de complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: The reconstruction of defects of the cranial cavity constitutes a surgical challenge. Many have been the surgical variants for its application during the last decades, as well as the material used for it. Objectives: To evaluate the results in craneoplasty realized with cement Genta 1 in patients with osseous defect secondary to cranial injury. Methods: It was done a descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal study extended from 2009 to 2014 in 20 patients with cranial injury that left them as consequence an skull's osseous defect which needed subsequent craneoplasty. Results: The injuries predominated in young adults and male sex. Small defects were the more frequent, followed by middle sized and only a large one. In relation with topography, they prevailed in right frontal region of the skull. The belated approach was the most used treatment adopted for the craneoplasty. Subgaleal haematoma and the residual cosmetic deformity were the main complications. Conclusions: Majority of cranial defects were small and middle sized, topographycally situated on the right frontal region and the belated approach was the most frequent treatment adopted for the craneoplasty(AU)

Craniectomía descompresiva en el trauma encefalocraneano grave: factores pronósticos y complicaciones / Decompressive craniectomy in severe traumatic brain injury: prognostic factors and complications

RESUMEN Objetivo: Análisis de las características clínicas, las complicaciones y los factores asociados al pronóstico de los pacientes con trauma encefalocraneano grave en los que se realizó craniectomía descompresiva. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes asistidos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, con trauma encefalocraneano grave en los que se realizó craniectomía descompresiva, entre los años 2003 y 2012. Se siguieron los pacientes hasta el egreso de la unidad de cuidados intensivos, analizándose sus características clínico-tomográficas, las complicaciones y los factores asociados al pronóstico (análisis uni y multivariado). Resultados: Se estudiaron 64 pacientes. Se realizó craniectomía descompresiva primaria y lateral en la mayoría de los pacientes. Se halló una alta incidencia de complicaciones (78% neurológicas y 52% no neurológicas). 42 pacientes (66%) presentaron mala evolución y 22 (34%) tuvieron una buena evolución neurológica. De los pacientes que sobrevivieron, el 61% tuvo una buena evolución neurológica. En el análisis univariado, los factores asociados significativamente con mala evolución neurológica fueron: la hipertensión intracraneana post-craniectomía descompresiva, la mayor gravedad y el peor estado neurológico al ingreso. En el análisis multivariado, solo la hipertensión intracraneana post-craniectomía descompresiva se asoció significativamente con mala evolución. Conclusión: Se trata de un grupo de pacientes muy grave, de difícil manejo, con elevada morbimortalidad, donde la hipertensión intracraneana es un factor principal de mala evolución. .

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics, complications and factors associated with the prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury among patients who undergo a decompressive craniectomy. Methods: Retrospective study of patients seen in an intensive care unit with severe traumatic brain injury in whom a decompressive craniectomy was performed between the years 2003 and 2012. Patients were followed until their discharge from the intensive care unit. Their clinical-tomographic characteristics, complications, and factors associated with prognosis (univariate and multivariate analysis) were analyzed. Results: A total of 64 patients were studied. Primary and lateral decompressive craniectomies were performed for the majority of patients. A high incidence of complications was found (78% neurological and 52% nonneurological). A total of 42 patients (66%) presented poor outcomes, and 22 (34%) had good neurological outcomes. Of the patients who survived, 61% had good neurological outcomes. In the univariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with poor neurological outcome were postdecompressive craniectomy intracranial hypertension, greater severity and worse neurological state at admission. In the multivariate analysis, only postcraniectomy intracranial hypertension was significantly associated with a poor outcome. Conclusion: This study involved a very severe and difficult to manage group of patients with high morbimortality. Intracranial hypertension was a main factor of poor outcome in this population. .

Pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico tratados cirurgicamente no serviço de neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (Brasília-Brasil) / Patients with brain injury surgically treated in neurosurgery service at Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal (Brasilia, Brazil)

Objetivo: O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é uma agressão ao encéfalo causada por uma força física externa. No Brasil, é a principal causa de morte de crianças acima de 5 anos de idade e adolescentes. Apresentamos as características epidemiológicas de 194 pacientes com TCE operados no serviço de neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, tipo corte transversal, baseado na revisão de prontuários médicos de pacientes com TCE tratadoscirurgicamente no período de julho de 2007 a julho de 2012. Resultados: Predomínio do sexo masculino (82,99%); a faixa etária mais comum é de 21-40 anos (67); a maioria apresentava TCE grave (108) e o principal mecanismo do trauma foi agressão física (57) seguida por queda da própria altura (49). Hematoma subdural crônico (63), hematoma extradural agudo (49) e fratura com afundamento (38) foram os principais achados tomográficos. Há uma relação entre hematoma subdural crônico (p < 0,05/OR = 1,272/IC 95%: 1,163-1,391), hematoma subdural agudo (p = 0,008/OR = 3,271/IC 95%: 1,309-8,172) e atropelamento (p < 0,05/OR = 8,804/IC 95%: 2,203-35,185) com TCE grave. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, na faixa etária entre 21-40 anos, vítima de agressão física e admitida com TCE grave. Há relação entre atropelamento, hematoma subdural agudo e crônico com a gravidade do TCE.

Objective: Traumatic brain injury is an injury to the brain caused by an external physical force. In Brazil, it is the leading cause of death in children over 5 years old and teenagers. We present the epidemiologicalcharacteristics of 194 patients with traumatic brain injury treated at the Serviço de Neurocirurgia do Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional type, based on review of medical records of patients with traumatic brain injury treated surgically in the period July 2007 to July 2012. Results: There was a predominance of males (82.99%), the most common age group is 21-40 years (67), the majority had severe traumatic brain injury (108), the main mechanism of traumawas physical assault (57) and followed by fall from height (49). Chronic subdural hematoma (63), acute epidural hematoma (49) and fracture dip (38) were the main CT findings. There is a relationship betweenchronic subdural hematoma (p < 0.05/OR = 1,272/95% CI: 1.163 to 1.391), acute subdural (p = 0.008/ OR = 3,271/95% CI: 1.309 to 8.172) and trampling (p < 0.05/OR = 8,804/95% CI: 2.203 to 35.185) with severe traumatic brain injury. Conclusion: Most patients were male, age range between 21-40 years, victims of physical assault and admitted with severe traumatic brain injury. There is a relationship between trampling, acute and chronic subdural hematoma with the severity of traumatic brain injury.

Mr. Phineas Gage e o acidente que deu novo rumo à neurologia / Mr. Phineas Gage and the disaster that gave new route to neurology

A ideia de que o córtex cerebral é composto de áreas funcionalmente distintas não foi seriamente considerada pelos cientistas até o século XIX. Treze anos antes de Pierre Paul Broca apresentar suas considerações a respeito da associação da afasia com a lesão no lobo frontal (1861), um acidente totalmente inédito e uma recuperação miraculosa ocorridos com um funcionário graduado de uma estrada de ferro próximo à cidade de Cavendish, no estado de Vermont, nordeste dos Estados Unidos, certamente influenciou o entendimento das funções mentais superiores. Esta nota conta um pouco da história do acidente ocorrido com esse operário cujo nome era Phineas Gage.

The idea that the cerebral cortex is composed of functionally distinct areas was not seriously considered by scientists until the nineteenth century. Thirteen years before Pierre Paul Broca presented his considerations regarding the association of aphasia with a lesion in the frontal lobe (1861), a totally unprecedented accident and a miraculous recovery occurred with an ranked employee of a railroad near the town of Cavendish, Vermont, in the northeastern US, certainly influenced the understanding of the higher mental functions. This note tells a bit of the history with the accident that hit the worker whose name was Phineas Gage.

Experiencia obtenida con el uso de la craniectomía descompresiva en el hospital de urgencia Asistencia Pública de Santiago / Experience with the use of decompressive craniectomy in the hospital emergency Santiago Public Assistance

Se revisaron 24 pacientes sometidos a craniectomía descompresiva en el HUAP entre los años 2009 y 2011, constituyendo el 8 por ciento de las cirugías realizadas en ese período. La distribución por edad fue mayoritariamente en el sexo masculino con un 75 por ciento de los pacientes. No se encontró clara relación en el outcome en relación a la edad y al Glasgow de ingreso. El mecanismo causal más frecuente fueron los atropellos con un 60,87 por ciento de los casos, seguido por las caídas con un 26,09 por ciento y las agresiones con un 13,04 por ciento. Se consignó la presencia de alcohol en al menos 29,16 por ciento de los enfermos. La mortalidad registrada fue de un 45,83 por ciento versus una sobrevida de un 54,17 por ciento. De los pacientes vivos, un 33,77 por ciento egresó autovalente, un 46,15 por ciento quedó dependiente y un 23,08 por ciento quedó en estado vegetativo. En las causas de mortalidad se encontró una alta tasa secundaria a infecciones respiratorias con un 45,45 por ciento del total de los decesos. La tasa de complicaciones postoperatorias fue del orden de un 45,83 por ciento, requiriendo de resolución quirúrgica el 63,3 por ciento de ellas. Hubo un mejor outcome en los pacientes en que la craniectomía se realizó dentro de las 1ras 24 horas versus las efectuadas en forma diferida. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las colecciones yuxtadurales, seguidas de las complicaciones infecciosas.

Minimally invasive lift of the middle third of the face using musculoaponeurotic suspension with periosteal fixation technique: a review of 50 cases / Suspensão musculoaponeurótica com fixação periostal minimamente invasiva do terço médio da face: revisão de 50 casos

BACKGROUND: At present, demanding workplaces in our society cause patients to search for less invasive procedures with diminished morbidity and more rapid healing to meet their cosmetic requirements. A combination of several new noninvasive procedures allows significant facial changes, achieving a youthful and healthy appearance without traditional surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe the minimally invasive lift of the middle third of the face using a musculoaponeurotic suspension with periosteal fixation technique. METHODS: Fifty patients (age, 39 to 68 years; all female) who underwent an operation from December 2008 to June 2010 were enrolled in this study. The patients underwent a minimally invasive facelift technique for the middle third of the face, based on a thread lift of the temporal region and musculoaponeurotic suspension with periosteal fixation, inside the hairline. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of up to 18 months after the procedure, satisfactory results were observed. The patient satisfaction degree, especially in the first 6 months after the procedure, was extremely high (88 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The procedure offers good and immediate results, without incisions or a recovery period. The association of this procedure with other procedures is a good option for patients who cannot undergo or do not want to undergo traditional surgical procedures. The procedure is very different from current techniques that use threads because the suspension is musculoaponeurotic and does not invade the face. Therefore, morbidity and recovery time are decreased.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na sociedade atual, em decorrência das demandas profissionais, os pacientes cada vez mais procuram por procedimentos menos invasivos, com baixa morbidade, rápida recuperação, e que atendam a suas preocupações estéticas. Uma combinação de vários novos procedimentos não-invasivos permite mudanças faciais significativas e aparência jovem e saudável, sem a utilização de procedimentos cirúrgicos tradicionais. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é a descrição de técnica de suspensão musculoaponeurótica com fixação periostal minimamente invasiva do terço médio da face. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos nesse estudo 50 pacientes, com idades entre 39 anos e 68 anos, todos do sexo feminino, operados no period de dezembro de 2008 a junho de 2010. As pacientes foram submetidas à realização de facelift minimamente invasivo do terço médio da face, com suspensão musculoaponeurótica com fixação periostal, baseado na tração com fio passado na região temporal, dentro da área do cabelo. RESULTADOS: No acompanhamento das pacientes, até 18 meses após a realização do procedimento, verificaram-se resultados satisfatórios. O grau de satisfação das pacientes com os resultados obtidos, principalmente nos primeiros seis meses após a realização do procedimento, foi extremamente alto (88 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: O procedimento ofereceu bons e imediatos resultados, sem incisões ou período de recuperação. Associado a outros procedimentos de rejuvenescimento facial, trata-se de boa opção a pacientes que não podem ou não querem se submeter a procedimentos cirúrgicos tradicionais. O procedimento difere significativamente das técnicas atuais que usam fios, pois a suspensão é musculoaponeurótica e não invade a área da face, o que diminui a morbidade e o período de recuperação.

Análise da ocorrência de hipertensão intracraniana refratária e da resposta ao tratamento de crianças com traumatismo crânio-encefálico grave / Analysis of the incidence of refractory intracranial hypertension and the response of children with severe head trauma to the treatment

Introdução: o traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) grave é frequente em pediatria, mas as recomendações para seu tratamento têm baixo nível de evidência. Objetivo: analisar a ocorrência de hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) refratária e a resposta ao tratamento em crianças com TCE grave. Métodos: coorte incluindo pacientes com pontuação abaixo de nove na Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) entre setembro de 2005 e agosto de 2008. Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Fhemig. Resultados: analisados 156 pacientes, 116 masculinos (74,4%), idades entre três meses e 18 anos, média nove, mediana 11. Mediana da pontuação na ECG: 6. Atropelamento: 54 pacientes (34,6%); lesões em ocupantes de veículos: 34 (21,8%); queda: 21 (13,5%); e lesões em ciclistas: 18 (11,5%). Tomografia alterada: 133 pacientes (85,3%); hemorragia intracraniana: 105 (67,3%); swelling: 66 (42,3%); lesão axonal difusa: (28,8%). A monitorização da pressão intracraniana foi realizada em 73 pacientes (46,8%). Foi encontrada HIC com necessidade de tratamento em 56 (76,7%) e refratária em 30 (41%) pacientes. Destes pacientes, 10 receberam barbitúrico e sete morreram. A craniectomia descompressiva foi realizada em nove pacientes, sendo que dois faleceram. O risco relativo de morte com barbitú- rico: 3,9 (IC 95%: 1,1 a 14,1; p=0,02), com significância estatística. O risco relativo de morte com craniectomia descompressiva: 0,3 (IC95%: 0,1 a 1,0, p=0,02). Ocorreram 33 óbitos (21,1%), 59% de redução em relação a estudo anterior da Instituição. Conclusões: HIC refratária foi muito frequente em crianças com TCE grave. O uso de coma barbitúrico para seu tratamento aumentou o risco de morte em quatro vezes.(AU)

Background: Severe head trauma is common in children, but there is a lack of evidence for the intracranial hypertension treatment in the literature. Objectives: To analyze the occurrence of refractory intracranial hypertension and the response of children and adolescents with severe head trauma to the treatment. Method: Cohort study between September 2005 and August 2008 involving pediatric patients with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) from 3 to 8 points. This study was approved by the ethical committee of FHEMIG. Results: From the 156 patients, 116 were male (74,4%). The range of age varied from tree months to 18 years, mean age 9, and median 11. Median of GCS score: 6. Running over crash: 54 patients (34,6%), car occupants injuries: 34 (21,8%), falls: 21 (13,5%) e cyclist´s injuries: 18 (11,5%). Abnormalities in computed tomography: 133 patients (85,3%), intracranial hemorrhage: 105 (67,3%), swelling: 66 (42,3%), diffuse axonal injury: (28,8%). Seventy three patients received intracranial pressure monitoring (46,3%); 56 had had intracranial hypertension that needed treatment (76,7%), and 30 had had refractory intracranial hypertension (41%). From the patients with refractory hypertension, 10 received barbiturates as treatment, seven died. Nine underwent decompressive craniectomy, two died. Relative risk of death with barbiturates: 3,9 (CI 95%: 1,1 a 14,1; p=0,02). Relative risk of death with decompressive craniectomy: 0,3 (IC95%: 0,1 a 1,0, p=0,02). Total mortality rate was 21,1% (33 patients). This showed a decrease of 59% in mortality comparing to previous study done in the same hospital. Conclusion: refractory intracranial hypertension were very common in pediatric patients with severe head injury. The use of barbiturates for its treatment increased the risk of death four times.(AU)

Protocolo para el tratamiento quirúrgico precoz en el control de la hipertensión intracraneal en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave / Surgical treatment protocol to intracraneal hypertension control in the severe traumatic brain injury

Introducción: En los traumatismos craneoencefálicos graves, la mortalidad se aproxima al 50 por ciento y el tratamiento sólo la reduce ligeramente, mostrándose además muy controvertidos los métodos terapeúticos a emplear. En nuestro país constituye la cuarta causa de muerte, pero es la primera en los menores de 41 años. En nuestra provincia representa la principal causa de atención neuroquirúrgica. Método: Se realizó un estudio experimental, de todos los enfermos que ingresaron en nuestro servicio con un TCE grave (ECG de 8 puntos o menor), en el período comprendido entre enero del 2003 y diciembre del 2006. Los mismos fueron divididos en 2 grupos en dependencia del tratamiento recibido. En el grupo I se incluyeron los casos con TCE grave (ECG < 8) e imágenes iniciales de tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) con desviación de estructuras de la línea media superior a los 5 mm o daño axonal difuso grados III-IV, a los que se les realizó craniectomía descompresiva profiláctica como método de control de la PIC, mientras en el grupo II se incluyeron aquellos enfermos con TCE grave (E.C.G < 8), que mostraban un TAC inicial normal o con desplazamiento de las estructuras de la línea media inferior a 5 mm, los que recibieron tratamiento convencional. Resultados: En el estudio se reclutaron 51 pacientes. De ellos 35 fueron incluídos en el grupo I (68.63 por ciento) (craniectomía descompresiva profiláctica), mientras que 16 (31.37 por ciento), lo fueron en el grupo II (tratamiento convencional). La ERG, en relación con el tratamiento recibido, quirúrgico o convencional, mostró que el 51,43 por ciento de los operados (Grupo I), presentaron secuelas ligeras y solo el 17,14 por ciento falleció. En el grupo II, con tratamiento convencional el 31,25 por ciento falleció y el 37,50 por ciento mostró secuelas moderadas a severas, mientras 25 por ciento se recuperó completamente sin secuelas. La mortalidad general para la casuística fue del 21,57 por ciento. Conclusiones: se propone un protocolo para el tratamiento de la hipertensión endocraneana en el TCE grave.

Trauma craniencefálico / Brain injuries

Neste artigo, os autores abordam o tema e seus principais aspectos. Apresentam uma revisão sobre a anatomia do crânio e encéfalo, a fisiopatologia e os tipos de lesão, bem como o tratamento cirúrgico e as últimas tendências do manejo clínico no trauma craniencefálico

Modificações da hemodinâmica cerebral avaliadas pelo Doppler transcraniano em doentes com tumefação encefálica pós-traumática submetidos à craniectomia descompressiva / Transcranial Doppler sonography in patients with posttruaumatic brains before and after decompressive craniectomy

A tumefação encefálica pós-traumática (TEPT) é causa frequente de hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) e de herniação cerebral transtentorial (HTT). Apesar dos avanços da neurocirurgia e terapia intensiva, o resultado do tratamento de doentes com TEPT...